Soy

A soy monograph for the home

Latin Name: Glycine max

Common Name: soy

This soy monograph provides basic information about soy—common names, usefulness and safety, and resources for more information.

Source: https://nccih.nih.gov/

BasicsResearchResultsDosingSafetyWildcraftingReferencesPubMed

Soy Basics

• This fact sheet focuses on the use of soy by adults for health purposes.
• Soy, a plant in the pea family, has been common in Asian diets for thousands of years. Soy is also present in modern Western diets as a food and food ingredient.
• Soy products are used for menopausal symptoms, bone health, improving memory, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol levels.
• In addition to its food uses, soy is available in dietary supplements, in forms such as tablets, capsules, and powders. Soy supplements may contain soy protein, isoflavones (compounds that have effects in the body similar to those of the female hormone estrogen), or other soy components.

Soy in Health Research

• Although there have been many studies on soy products, there are still uncertainties about soy’s health effects.

Soy Research Summary

• Consuming soy protein in place of other proteins may lower levels of LDL (“bad”) cholesterol to a small extent.
• Soy isoflavone supplements may help to reduce the frequency and severity of menopausal hot flashes, but the effect may be small.
• It’s uncertain whether soy supplements can relieve cognitive problems associated with menopause.
• Current evidence suggests that soy isoflavone mixtures do not slow bone loss in Western women during or after menopause.
• Diets containing soy protein may slightly reduce blood pressure.
• There’s not enough scientific evidence to determine whether soy supplements are effective for any other health uses.
• Current National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH)-funded studies on soy and its components are investigating a variety of topics, including stroke outcomes, anti-inflammatory effects, and effects on diabetes.

Soy Safety

• Except for people with soy allergies, soy is believed to be safe when consumed in normal dietary amounts. However, the safety of long-term use of high doses of soy extracts has not been established.
• The most common side effects of soy are digestive upsets, such as stomach pain and diarrhea.
• Long-term use of soy isoflavone supplements might increase the risk of endometrial hyperplasia (a thickening of the lining of the uterus that may lead to cancer). Soy foods do not appear to increase the risk of endometrial hyperplasia.
• Current evidence indicates that it’s safe for women who have had breast cancer or who are at risk for breast cancer to eat soy foods. However, it’s uncertain whether soy isoflavone supplements are safe for these women.

Soy References

• Anderson JW, Bush HM. Soy protein effects on serum lipoproteins: a quality assessment and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled studies. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2011;30(2):79-91.
• Clement YN, Onakpoya I, Hung SK, et al. Effects of herbal and dietary supplements on cognition in menopause: a systematic review. Maturitas. 2011;68(3):256-263.
• Dong J-Y, Tong X, Wu Z-W, et al. Effect of soya protein on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. British Journal of Nutrition. 2011;106(3):317-326.
• Fritz H, Seely D, Flower G, et al. Soy, red clover, and isoflavones and breast cancer: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2013;8(11):e81968.
• Lethaby A, Marjoribanks J, Kronenberg F, et al. Phytoestrogens for menopausal vasomotor symptoms. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013;(12):CD001395. Accessed at https://www.thecochranelibrary.com (link is external)on April 21, 2015.
• Ricci E, Cipriani S, Chiaffarino F, et al. Soy isoflavones and bone mineral density in perimenopausal and postmenopausal Western women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Women’s Health. 2010;19(9):1609-1617.
• Rock CL, Doyle C, Demark-Wahnefried W, et al. Nutrition and physical activity guidelines for cancer survivors. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2012;62(4):242-274.
• Soy. Natural Medicines Web site. Accessed at naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com/ on April 27, 2015. [Database subscription].
• Taku K, Melby MK, Kronenberg F, et al. Extracted or synthesized soybean isoflavones reduce menopausal hot flash frequency and severity: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Menopause. 2012;19(7):776-790.